ABSTRACT
Resumo Neste artigo são discutidos aspectos concernentes ao início do convívio entre cães e humanos e às diferenças culturais que afetam as relações entre as duas espécies. O estudo das interações entre humanos e cães precisa trazer à tona a pluralidade de fenômenos interconectados: o processo de domesticação iniciado há milhares de anos, os efeitos evolutivos da relação entre as duas espécies e os aspectos culturais que influenciam a convivência entre nós. Considerando essa visão holística, enxergamos de maneira ampla o cenário interacionista, estabelecendo paralelos muitas vezes ignorados por estudos pontuais e/ou enviesados por paradigmas experimentais de baixa relevância ecológica para os animais.
Abstract This article discusses the beginning of the relationship between dogs and humans and the cultural differences that affect the relationships between the two species. The study of interactions between humans and dogs needs to bring to light its plurality of interconnected phenomena: the domestication process that began thousands of years ago, the evolutionary effects of their relationship and the cultural aspects that influence such coexistence. Given this holistic view, we perceive this interaction scenario broadly, establishing parallels often ignored by one-off studies and/or biased by experimental paradigms of low ecological relevance to animals.
Résumé Dans cet article sont discutés des aspects liés au début de la cohabitation entre les chiens et les humains et les différences culturelles qui affectent ces relations interspécifiques. L'étude des interactions entre humains et chiens doit faire apparaître la pluralité des phénomènes reliés entre eux : le processus de domestication qui a commencé il y a milliers d'années, les effets évolutifs de cette relation et les aspects culturels qui influencent la coexistence entre nous. Compte tenu de cette vision holistique, c'est possible de voir largement le scénario interactionniste, et d'établir des parallèles souvent ignorés par les études individuelles ou biaisé par des paradigmes expérimentaux d'importance écologique négligeable pour les animaux.
Resumen Este artículo analiza los aspectos relacionados con el comienzo de la relación entre perros y humanos, y las diferencias culturales que afectan las relaciones entre las dos especies. El estudio de las interacciones entre humanos y perros necesita sacar a la luz la pluralidad de fenómenos interconectados: el proceso de domesticación que comenzó hace miles de años, los efectos evolutivos de la relación entre las dos especies y los aspectos culturales que influyen en la convivencia entre nosotros. Teniendo en cuenta esta visión holística, vemos el panorama interaccionista de manera general, estableciendo paralelos a menudo ignorados por estudios específicos y/o sesgados por paradigmas experimentales de baja relevancia ecológica para los animales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dogs , Human-Animal Bond , Dogs , Domestication , Cultural Characteristics/history , PetsABSTRACT
This study investigated whether dogs take into account the human's direction of attention and visual field when they communicate by means of a keyboard with lexigrams. In order to test this, two dogs, Sofia and Laila, were given the choice between two keyboards, one visible and the other one non-visible from the experimenter's perspective. In one experiment, different barriers were positioned in such way so as to block the experimenter's visibility to one of the keyboards, and, in another experiment we manipulated human's signs of attention, like body orientation and visibility of the eyes. Sofia and Laila consistently preferred to use the keyboard that was in the human's visual field. Laila's choice was also influenced by the human's body orientation. Results suggested that the subjects are sensitive to the human's visual access to the keyboard when they use it to ask for food.
Este estudo investigou se cães levam em conta a direção da atenção e o campo visual do ser humano quando se comunicam por meio de um teclado com lexigramas. Para tanto, duas cadelas, Sofia e Laila, foram submetidas a uma situação em que podiam escolher entre dois teclados, um deles visível e outro não-visível sob a perspectiva do experimentador. Em um experimento, diferentes barreiras foram posicionadas de tal forma a bloquear a visibilidade do experimentador a um dos teclados, e, em outro, experimento manipulamos os sinais de atenção do ser humano, como orientação corporal e visibilidade dos olhos. Sofia e Laila preferiram consistentemente usar o teclado que estava dentro do campo visual do ser humano. A escolha de Laila também foi influenciada pela orientação corporal do ser humano. Os resultados sugerem que as duas são sensíveis ao acesso visual do ser humano ao teclado quando elas o usam para pedir comida.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Attention , Behavior, Animal , Dogs , Visual FieldsABSTRACT
When separated from their mother, wild and domestic cavy pups emit high-pitched whistles. Whistles are also emitted only by the domestic species in response to food-associated stimuli. We compared isolation whistles (IS) emitted by guinea pig pups separated from their mothers to the food-anticipation whistles (FA) emitted by the same adult individuals in response to a feeding routine. Results revealed no significant differences in the structure of the IS and FA whistles, but showed ontogenetic changes along the period. Results are discussed both in relation to the physiological mechanisms controlling whistle vocalizations and their evolutionary origin in the cavies repertoire.
Quando separados de suas mães, filhotes de preás selvagens e domésticos emitem assobios agudos. Assobios também são emitidos apenas pela espécie doméstica em resposta a estímulos associados à presença de alimentos. Nós comparamos o assobio de isolamento (IS) emitido por filhotes separados de suas mães aos assobios para o tratador (TR) emitidos pelos mesmos indivíduos adultos em resposta a uma rotina de alimentação. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças na estrutura dos assobios IS e TR, mas mostraram mudança ontogenética ao longo do período. Os resultados são discutidos em relação aos mecanismos fisiológicos que controlam a emissão dos assobios e a origem evolutiva desta vocalização no repertório dos preás.
Subject(s)
Animals , Feeding Behavior , Guinea Pigs , Animals, DomesticABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Academic examinations are an important source of stress for students. This study is intended to assess senior high school students' mood changes during the preparation for a very important academic examination, the Brazilian university admission examination. METHOD: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form was used to assess the students three times in the course of the months preceding the examination. RESULTS: ANOVA for repeated measures showed that Negative Affect increased as the examination approached, and that this increment was already present months before the examinationtookplace. Asingle conditionallyindependent random effect model showed that time spent studying was associated with fluctuations in mood. CONCLUSION: Teenagers, in preparation for a very important examination, may present mood disturbances associated with both the proximity of the examination and their study load months before the examination actually takes place. Other stressing factors may play a role in these findings and should be further investigated.
OBJETIVO: Exames acadêmicos são uma fonte importante de estresse para estudantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alterações de humor em estudantes de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio ao longo da preparação para um exame acadêmico de grande importância, o vestibular. MÉTODO: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form foi utilizado para avaliar os estudantes três vezes ao longo dos meses antecedendo o exame. RESULTADOS: ANOVA para medidas repetidas mostrou que o afeto negativo aumentou com a aproximação do exame e que esse aumento já estava presente meses antes dele acontecer. Um modelo de efeitos aleatórios com independência condicional mostrou que o tempo de estudo estava associado às flutuações de humor. CONCLUSÃO: Adolescentes em preparação para exames muito importantes podem apresentar um distúrbio de humor associado à proximidade do exame e à quantidade de estudo meses antes que ele ocorra. Outros estressores podem estar associados a esses achados e devem ser investigados.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Affect , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , School Admission Criteria , Stress, Psychological , Students/psychology , Analysis of Variance , Brazil , Longitudinal Studies , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Verapamil, was assayed to record its modulating effect upon Brazilian Plasmodium falciparum isolates resistant to chloroquine. Other cardiovascular drugs known to be modulating agents in resistant malaria and/or multidrug-resistant neoplasias, including nifedipine, nitrendipine, diltiazem and propranolol, were also evaluated. Concentrations similar to those for cardiovascular therapy were used in the in vitro microtechnique for antimalarial drug susceptibility. Intrinsic antiplasmodial activity was observed from the lowest concentrations without a significant modulating action. Other reported modulating agents, such as the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine and the antidepressants desipramine and imipramine, demonstrated similar responses under the same experimental conditions. Results suggest a much higher susceptibility of Brazilian strains, as well as an indifferent behaviour in relation to modulating agents
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Plasmodium falciparum , Calcium Channel Blockers , Verapamil , Chloroquine , Antimalarials , Drug Resistance , Calcium Channel Blockers , Verapamil , Chloroquine , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Drug Synergism , AntimalarialsABSTRACT
Phenothiazine drugs - fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, methotrimeprazine and trifluoperazine - were evaluated as modulating agents against Brazilian chloroquine-resistant fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Aiming to simulate therapeutic schedules, chloroquine was employed at the concentration used for sensitive falciparum malaria treatment and anti-psychotic therapeutic concentrations of the phenothiazine drugs were adopted in two-fold serial dilutions. The in vitro microtechnique for drug susceptibility was employed. Unlike earlier reported data, the phenothiazine modulating effect was not observed. However, all the drugs demonstrated intrinsic antiplasmodial activity in concentrations lower than those described in the literature. In addition, IC50 estimates have been shown to be inferior to the usual anti-psychotic therapeutic concentrations. Statistical analysis also suggested an increase in the parasitaemia rate or, even, a predominant antiparasitic effect of phenothiazine over chloroquine when used in combination
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adult , Phenothiazines , Plasmodium falciparum , Chloroquine , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Antimalarials , Drug Resistance , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
Erythromycin, a reversal agent in multidrug-resistant cancer, was assayed in chloroquine resistance modulation. The in vitro microtechnique for drug susceptibility was employed using two freshly isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from North of Brazil. The antimalarial effect of the drug was confirmed, with an IC50 estimates near the usual antimicrobial therapy concentration, and a significant statistical modulating action was observed for one isolate